Internal Security & Disaster Management
Internal Security Challenges
GS Paper III
Internal Security Challenges — Quick Revision
One-page UPSC revision of internal security challenges: the four theatres, LWE timeline, development deficits, PESA, FRA, SAMADHAN and key judgments.
SyllabusGS III · Linkages between development and spread of extremism
A last-week sheet for the development–extremism link. Use the tables for Prelims facts and the “dimensions” list as a ready Mains skeleton.
The Four Theatres
| Theatre | Core driver | Key instruments |
|---|---|---|
| Jammu and Kashmir | Cross-border terrorism, separatism | UAPA, NIA, border management |
| North-East | Ethnic insurgency, identity | Peace accords, AFSPA, Sixth Schedule |
| Left Wing Extremism | Governance and development deficits in tribal forest areas | 2015 National Policy and Action Plan, SAMADHAN |
| Hinterland | Radicalisation, external sponsorship | Intelligence, NIA, de-radicalisation |
LWE Timeline
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 1967 | Naxalbari uprising, Darjeeling district, West Bengal |
| 1969 | CPI (Marxist–Leninist) formed |
| 2004 | CPI (Maoist) formed — merger of People’s War Group and MCCI |
| 2008 | Planning Commission Expert Group (D. Bandyopadhyay); 2nd ARC 7th Report |
| 2009 | CPI (Maoist) banned under UAPA; Road Requirement Plan-I |
| 2010 | Dantewada ambush (April) — 76 security personnel killed |
| 2011 | Nandini Sundar v. State of Chhattisgarh — armed SPOs unconstitutional |
| 2013 | Niyamgiri decision — Gram Sabhas decide on mining |
| 2015 | National Policy and Action Plan to address LWE |
| 2016 | Road Connectivity Project for LWE Affected Areas |
| 2017 | SAMADHAN doctrine |
| 2018 | Aspirational Districts Programme |
Rights Laws at a Glance
| Law | Key provisions |
|---|---|
| Fifth Schedule (Art. 244(1)) | Scheduled Areas; Governor can modify Union/State laws; Tribes Advisory Council |
| Sixth Schedule (Art. 244(2)) | Autonomous District Councils in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram |
| PESA, 1996 | Gram Sabha consultation on land acquisition and resettlement; ownership of minor forest produce; control over money-lending and village markets |
| Forest Rights Act, 2006 | Individual and community forest rights; Gram Sabha initiates; cut-off 13 December 2005 |
| RFCTLARR Act, 2013 | Social impact assessment; consent; rehabilitation and resettlement |
High-yield facts
- SAMADHAN = Smart leadership, Aggressive strategy, Motivation and training, Actionable intelligence, Dashboard-based KPIs and KRAs, Harnessing technology, Action plan for each theatre, No access to financing.
- The 2015 plan has three prongs: security, development, rights and entitlements.
- Police and public order: State List. Deployment of Union forces in aid of civil power: Union List, Entry 2A (42nd Amendment).
- PESA covers Fifth Schedule Areas only.
Mains Skeleton: Development–Extremism Link
- Causes: land alienation, displacement, forest rights denial, absent services, exploitation, weak Gram Sabhas.
- Vicious circle: violence destroys roads, schools, towers → State withdraws → deficits grow.
- Response: security (CAPFs, SRE), development (roads, telecom, schools, Aspirational Districts), rights (PESA, FRA), perception management.
- Limits: human rights concerns, uneven PESA rules, displacement by projects.
- Way forward: consent-based development, accountable policing, convergence at district level.
Traps
- CPI (Maoist) ≠ CPI (Marxist–Leninist).
- Forest Rights Act is 2006, PESA is 1996.
- Niyamgiri is in Odisha.
Related Topics
- Development and the Spread of Extremism
- Internal Security Challenges — practice questions
- Terrorism and Insurgency
- Local Government
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